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Timelines of inventions display the development and progression of art, design, architecture, music and literature. ==Invention in art, design and architecture== ''dates may be approximations'' * 350,000 BCE – Paint was invented by early man. Pigment and paint grinding equipment was found in a cave at Twin Rivers near Lusaka, Zambia. * 31,000 BCE – Representational painting was invented. Murals of stampeding bulls, cantering horses, red bears and woolly rhinoceros are found in the Chauvet Caves in France. * 22,000 BCE – Sculpture was invented by Paleolithic tribes who created the female statuette called the Venus of Willendorf, found in near Willendorf, Austria. * 4000 BCE – Papyrus, the precursor to paper, was invented by the Egyptians by pounding flat woven mats of reeds. * 2500 BCE – Egyptian blue pigment was invented by Egyptian chemists using a mixture of limestone (calcium oxide), malachite (copper oxide) and quartz (silica) fired to about 800–900 degrees Celsius. * 500 BCE – Encaustic paints are invented by Greek artists by mixing colored pigments and wax. * 450 BCE – Depicting the illusion of three-dimensional form on a two-dimensional surface was invented with the chiaroscuro painting technique that employs highlights and shadows. * 250 BCE – Glassblowing was invented by Syrian craftsmen in Babylonia. * 105 – Paper was invented by Ts’ai Lun, a Chinese court official. * 650 – Porcelain was invented by Chinese artists in the Tang Dynasty as a fired mixture of kaolin (a clay) and petuntse (a feldspar). * 1306 – A more naturalistic means of representational painting was invented by Giotto di Bondone using depth, perspective and temporal realism to present a single moment in time. * 15th century – A cupola or dome which did not require a framework supporting its curves was invented by Filippo Brunelleschi. To transport the large stones to the construction site, Brunelleschi invented a unique boat capable of moving heavy cargo upriver and was granted exclusive rights to use his boat to move heavy loads, patent rights.〔Patenting Art and Entertainment by Gregory Aharonian and Richard Stim〕 * 15th century – Linear perspective was invented with work by Filippo Brunelleschi, and a treatise on perspective theory by Leon Battista Alberti. Perspective is a method for depicting the illusion of three-dimensions on a two-dimensional surface.〔ArtLex at www.artlex.com/ArtLex/Li.html〕 * 1420 – The use of a single, consistent light source in painting with figures painted to appear three-dimensional was invented by the Italian artist Masaccio (Tommaso di Giovanni). See his 1427 painting, "Tribute Money". * 1485 – Sfumato, a painting technique in which an atmospheric or blurry effect is created with minute transitions between color areas, was invented by Leonardo da Vinci. Sfumato is seen in Leonardo's "Virgin on the Rocks" and "Mona Lisa". * 1503 – Surrealism was invented by Flemish artist Hieronymus Bosch with his triptych "The Garden of Earthly Delights". * 1774 – Jasperware, a dense vitreous pottery that could be turned on a lathe, was invented by Josiah Wedgwood. * 1816 – The photograph was invented by Joseph Nicephore Niepce using paper coated with silver chloride "fixed" with nitric acid. * 1816 – a resolution contrast technique of painting and drawing was invented by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres who used it to depict faces in high resolution with the rest of the image in low resolution, as for example in his drawing "Mrs. Charles Badham". * 1861 – The color photograph was invented by physicist James Clerk Maxwell. * 1863 – Multiple subject painting was invented by Édouard Manet. His "Le dejeuner sur l'herbe" presents four disconnected figures not looking at one another, lighted from different directions. Dejeuner sur l'herbe also has a disconnected background-to-foreground perspective that eliminates the middle ground. * 1865 – Chromolithograph prints were invented by Jules Chéret. * 1872 – Serial photomontage, the precursor to motion pictures, was invented by Eadweard Muybridge and Étienne-Jules Marey by using multiple cameras to photograph moving objects. * 1873 – Nonlinear horizon lines were invented by Édouard Manet, eliminating the horizon line in his 1874 painting "Boating". * 1882 – Multiple time depiction was invented by Édouard Manet in his ''"A Bar at the Folies-Bergère"'', which depicts a bar scene from two points in space at two different moments in time. * 1884 – Pointillism was invented by Georges Seurat, who created entire paintings using small dots of pure unmixed color. * 1886 – Trompe l'oeil was invented by William Michael Harnett, an American painter. * 1888 – A technique of portraying a subject from different perspectives and of distorting subject matter in painting was invented by Paul Cézanne. * 1891 – A technique of unfreezing time in still images was invented by Claude Monet, who painted the same subject at many different times during the day, showing how it appeared differently largely due to the change in natural light. He painted the cathedral at Rouen at 40 different times of the day and he painted the same haystack at 20 different moments in a year. * 1902- A technique of indeterminate time was invented in painting by Paul Cézanne in his painting "Mont Sainte-Victorie", in which the sources and direction of light are not discernible. * 1902 – The teddy bear was invented by Morris and Rose Michtom based on a cartoon of a bear saved by President Theodore Roosevelt. * 1903 – The 3-D (three-dimensional) movie was invented by Auguste and Louis Lumière with their one-minute film "L’Arrivée du Train". * 1904 – Fauvism was invented by Henri Matisse, Maurice de Vlaminck, André Derain and others. * 1907 – A variety of special effects for film were invented by Georges Méliès in his film ''Tunneling the English Channel'', including stop-motion photography, split-screen photography, stop action animation and the combination of live action with full-scale mechanical backgrounds. * 1915 – The multistable image was invented by W. E. Hill, with his drawing "My Wife and My Mother-in-Law", an image that can present either a young woman or an older woman.〔''Patenting Art and Entertainment'' by Gregory Aharonian and Richard Stim〕 * 1908 to 1917 – Cubism was invented by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque. In Cubist artworks, the subject, whether it be a figure or a still life, is broken up and reassembled, and presented from multiple views simultaneously. Cubism revolutionized western art, and influenced other art forms like music and literature. * 1912 – Collage was invented by Picasso with his "Still Life with Chair Caning". Attaching a material from the real world that was not ever used in high art into a painting violated what was previously considered the integrity of the artwork. Collage was a new process for making art, a new art form, and it expanded the definition of art. * 1912 – The Construction was invented by Picasso when he created "Guitar" in 1912 by joining parts together. This additive image-making process was new to western sculpture which was previously made using subtractive processes like carving stone or wood, or modeling clay which may have then been cast in metal. * 1917 – the Readymade was invented and exhibited by Marcel Duchamp, "The Fountain" an upturned urinal signed by the artist. The Readymade expanded the definition of art and of an artist. * 1917 – De Stijl a kind of art based on pure geometry was invented by Theo van Doesburg. * 1926 – Science fiction movies were invented by Fritz Lang with his movie ''Metropolis'', which incorporates dynamic visual and special effects.〔 * 1928 – Welded sculpture, a new medium, a new process and a new art form, was invented by Pablo Picasso and Julio Gonzalez, opening up the solid form of sculpture to negative space and transparency.〔World History of Art by Hugh Honour, Laurence King Publishing 2005〕 * 1928 – Mickey Mouse was created by Walt Disney.〔 * 1929 – Film noir was invented by Josef Sternberg with his film ''Thunderbolt''. * 1932 – The mobile was invented by Alexander Calder. * 1936 – A device that greatly speeds up the process of making cartoons and enables them to appear more realistic was invented and patented by Walt Disney, who used it to create the classic ''Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs'' in 1937. Refer to US Patent 2,201,689.〔 * 1947–50 – Painting was reinvented by Jackson Pollock whose novel method of spontaneously dripping and splattering paint from a can onto unscratched canvas laid out on the floor brought about an expanded understanding of pure abstraction and of art. * 1948 – The Glass House by the architect Philip Johnson reduced building down to its most basic elements: a horizontal slab on the ground, vertical supports, a flat roof and transparent glass wrapped around it.〔 * 1952 – Stain painting, in which liquid paint soaks and bleeds into the fabric of unprimed canvas, was invented by Joan Miró, James Brooks and Jackson Pollock who influenced Helen Frankenthaler, as seen in her painting "Mountains and Sea" of 1952. * 1959 – the first public "happening" was produced by Allan Kaprow at the Reuben Gallery in New York. A happening is defined by Kaprow as a choreographed event that facilitates interactions between objects including performers and visitors. Happenings were influenced by Jackson Pollock's process of action painting, Dada and the teachings of John Cage on chance and indeterminacy.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Timeline for invention in the arts」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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